docs: more example code for RedBlackTree and BinarySearchTree

package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "data-structure-typed",
-  "version": "1.53.7",
+  "version": "1.53.8",
   "description": "Javascript Data Structure. Heap, Binary Tree, Red Black Tree, Linked List, Deque, Trie, HashMap, Directed Graph, Undirected Graph, Binary Search Tree(BST), AVL Tree, Priority Queue, Graph, Queue, Tree Multiset, Singly Linked List, Doubly Linked List, Max Heap, Max Priority Queue, Min Heap, Min Priority Queue, Stack. Benchmark compared with C++ STL. API aligned with ES6 and Java.util. Usability is comparable to Python",
   "main": "dist/cjs/index.js",
   "module": "dist/mjs/index.js",

src/common/index.ts

@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
+import { isComparable } from '../utils';
+
 export enum DFSOperation {
   VISIT = 0,
   PROCESS = 1
 }
+
 export class Range<K> {
   constructor(
     public low: K,
     public high: K,
     public includeLow: boolean = true,
     public includeHigh: boolean = true
-  ) {}
+  ) {
+    if (!(isComparable(low) && isComparable(high))) throw new RangeError('low or high is not comparable');
+    if (low > high) throw new RangeError('low must be less than or equal to high');
+  }
 
   // Determine whether a key is within the range
   isInRange(key: K, comparator: (a: K, b: K) => number): boolean {

src/data-structures/binary-tree/bst.ts

@@ -95,32 +95,48 @@ export class BSTNode<K = any, V = any, NODE extends BSTNode<K, V, NODE> = BSTNod
  * 6. Balance Variability: Can become unbalanced; special types maintain balance.
  * 7. No Auto-Balancing: Standard BSTs don't automatically balance themselves.
  * @example
- * // Find kth smallest element
- *     // Create a BST with some elements
- *     const bst = new BST<number>([5, 3, 7, 1, 4, 6, 8]);
- *     const sortedKeys = bst.dfs(node => node.key, 'IN');
+ * // Merge 3 sorted datasets
+ *     const dataset1 = new BST<number, string>([
+ *       [1, 'A'],
+ *       [7, 'G']
+ *     ]);
+ *     const dataset2 = [
+ *       [2, 'B'],
+ *       [6, 'F']
+ *     ];
+ *     const dataset3 = new BST<number, string>([
+ *       [3, 'C'],
+ *       [5, 'E'],
+ *       [4, 'D']
+ *     ]);
  *
- *     // Helper function to find kth smallest
- *     const findKthSmallest = (k: number): number | undefined => {
- *       return sortedKeys[k - 1];
- *     };
+ *     // Merge datasets into a single BinarySearchTree
+ *     const merged = new BST<number, string>(dataset1);
+ *     merged.addMany(dataset2);
+ *     merged.merge(dataset3);
  *
- *     // Assertions
- *     console.log(findKthSmallest(1)); // 1
- *     console.log(findKthSmallest(3)); // 4
- *     console.log(findKthSmallest(7)); // 8
+ *     // Verify merged dataset is in sorted order
+ *     console.log([...merged.values()]); // ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G']
  * @example
  * // Find elements in a range
  *     const bst = new BST<number>([10, 5, 15, 3, 7, 12, 18]);
  *     console.log(bst.search(new Range(5, 10))); // [10, 5, 7]
- *     console.log(bst.search(new Range(4, 12))); // [10, 12, 5, 7]
+ *     console.log(bst.rangeSearch([4, 12], node => node.key.toString())); // ['10', '12', '5', '7']
  *     console.log(bst.search(new Range(4, 12, true, false))); // [10, 5, 7]
- *     console.log(bst.search(new Range(15, 20))); // [15, 18]
+ *     console.log(bst.rangeSearch([15, 20])); // [15, 18]
  *     console.log(bst.search(new Range(15, 20, false))); // [18]
  * @example
  * // Find lowest common ancestor
  *     const bst = new BST<number>([20, 10, 30, 5, 15, 25, 35, 3, 7, 12, 18]);
  *
+ *     // LCA helper function
+ *     const findLCA = (num1: number, num2: number): number | undefined => {
+ *       const path1 = bst.getPathToRoot(num1);
+ *       const path2 = bst.getPathToRoot(num2);
+ *       // Find the first common ancestor
+ *       return findFirstCommon(path1, path2);
+ *     };
+ *
  *     function findFirstCommon(arr1: number[], arr2: number[]): number | undefined {
  *       for (const num of arr1) {
  *         if (arr2.indexOf(num) !== -1) {
@@ -130,14 +146,6 @@ export class BSTNode<K = any, V = any, NODE extends BSTNode<K, V, NODE> = BSTNod
  *       return undefined;
  *     }
  *
- *     // LCA helper function
- *     const findLCA = (num1: number, num2: number): number | undefined => {
- *       const path1 = bst.getPathToRoot(num1);
- *       const path2 = bst.getPathToRoot(num2);
- *       // Find the first common ancestor
- *       return findFirstCommon(path1, path2);
- *     };
- *
  *     // Assertions
  *     console.log(findLCA(3, 10)); // 7
  *     console.log(findLCA(5, 35)); // 15
@@ -609,6 +617,37 @@ export class BST<
     return ans;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(log n)
+   * Space Complexity: O(n)
+   *
+   * The `rangeSearch` function searches for nodes within a specified range in a binary search tree.
+   * @param {Range<K> | [K, K]} range - The `range` parameter in the `rangeSearch` function can be
+   * either a `Range` object or an array of two elements representing the range boundaries.
+   * @param {C} callback - The `callback` parameter in the `rangeSearch` function is a callback
+   * function that is used to process each node that is found within the specified range during the
+   * search operation. It is of type `NodeCallback<NODE>`, where `NODE` is the type of nodes in the
+   * data structure.
+   * @param {BTNRep<K, V, NODE> | R} startNode - The `startNode` parameter in the `rangeSearch`
+   * function represents the node from which the search for nodes within the specified range will
+   * begin. It is the starting point for the range search operation.
+   * @param {IterationType} iterationType - The `iterationType` parameter in the `rangeSearch` function
+   * is used to specify the type of iteration to be performed during the search operation. It has a
+   * default value of `this.iterationType`, which suggests that it is likely a property of the class or
+   * object that the `rangeSearch`
+   * @returns The `rangeSearch` function is returning the result of calling the `search` method with
+   * the specified parameters.
+   */
+  rangeSearch<C extends NodeCallback<NODE>>(
+    range: Range<K> | [K, K],
+    callback: C = this._DEFAULT_NODE_CALLBACK as C,
+    startNode: BTNRep<K, V, NODE> | R = this._root,
+    iterationType: IterationType = this.iterationType
+  ) {
+    const searchRange: Range<K> = range instanceof Range ? range : new Range(range[0], range[1]);
+    return this.search(searchRange, false, callback, startNode, iterationType);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Time Complexity: O(log n)
    * Space Complexity: O(1)

src/data-structures/binary-tree/index.ts

@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@ export * from './bst';
 export * from './binary-indexed-tree';
 export * from './segment-tree';
 export * from './avl-tree';
-export * from './rb-tree';
+export * from './red-black-tree';
 export * from './avl-tree-multi-map';
 export * from './tree-multi-map';

src/data-structures/binary-tree/red-black-tree.ts

@@ -54,6 +54,58 @@ export class RedBlackTreeNode<
 /**
  * 1. Efficient self-balancing, but not completely balanced. Compared with AVLTree, the addition and deletion efficiency is high but the query efficiency is slightly lower.
  * 2. It is BST itself. Compared with Heap which is not completely ordered, RedBlackTree is completely ordered.
+ * @example
+ * // Find elements in a range
+ *     const bst = new RedBlackTree<number>([10, 5, 15, 3, 7, 12, 18]);
+ *     console.log(bst.search(new Range(5, 10))); // [5, 10, 7]
+ *     console.log(bst.search(new Range(4, 12))); // [5, 10, 12, 7]
+ *     console.log(bst.search(new Range(15, 20))); // [15, 18]
+ * @example
+ * // using Red-Black Tree as a price-based index for stock data
+ *     // Define the structure of individual stock records
+ *     interface StockRecord {
+ *       price: number; // Stock price (key for indexing)
+ *       symbol: string; // Stock ticker symbol
+ *       volume: number; // Trade volume
+ *     }
+ *
+ *     // Simulate stock market data as it might come from an external feed
+ *     const marketStockData: StockRecord[] = [
+ *       { price: 142.5, symbol: 'AAPL', volume: 1000000 },
+ *       { price: 335.2, symbol: 'MSFT', volume: 800000 },
+ *       { price: 3285.04, symbol: 'AMZN', volume: 500000 },
+ *       { price: 267.98, symbol: 'META', volume: 750000 },
+ *       { price: 234.57, symbol: 'GOOGL', volume: 900000 }
+ *     ];
+ *
+ *     // Extend the stock record type to include metadata for database usage
+ *     type StockTableRecord = StockRecord & { lastUpdated: Date };
+ *
+ *     // Create a Red-Black Tree to index stock records by price
+ *     // Simulates a database index with stock price as the key for quick lookups
+ *     const priceIndex = new RedBlackTree<number, StockTableRecord, StockRecord>(
+ *       marketStockData,
+ *       {
+ *         toEntryFn: stockRecord => [
+ *           stockRecord.price, // Use stock price as the key
+ *           {
+ *             ...stockRecord,
+ *             lastUpdated: new Date() // Add a timestamp for when the record was indexed
+ *           }
+ *         ]
+ *       }
+ *     );
+ *
+ *     // Query the stock with the highest price
+ *     const highestPricedStock = priceIndex.getRightMost();
+ *     console.log(priceIndex.get(highestPricedStock)?.symbol); // 'AMZN' // Amazon has the highest price
+ *
+ *     // Query stocks within a specific price range (200 to 400)
+ *     const stocksInRange = priceIndex.rangeSearch(
+ *       [200, 400], // Price range
+ *       node => priceIndex.get(node)?.symbol // Extract stock symbols for the result
+ *     );
+ *     console.log(stocksInRange); // ['GOOGL', 'MSFT', 'META']
  */
 export class RedBlackTree<
     K = any,

src/data-structures/binary-tree/tree-multi-map.ts

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import type {
   TreeMultiMapOptions
 } from '../../types';
 import { IBinaryTree } from '../../interfaces';
-import { RedBlackTree, RedBlackTreeNode } from './rb-tree';
+import { RedBlackTree, RedBlackTreeNode } from './red-black-tree';
 
 export class TreeMultiMapNode<
   K = any,

src/data-structures/hash/hash-map.ts

@@ -97,6 +97,9 @@ export class HashMap<K = any, V = any, R = [K, V]> extends IterableEntryBase<K,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The function checks if a given element is an array with exactly two elements.
    * @param {any} rawElement - The `rawElement` parameter is of type `any`, which means it can be any
    * data type.
@@ -107,6 +110,9 @@ export class HashMap<K = any, V = any, R = [K, V]> extends IterableEntryBase<K,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The function checks if the size of an object is equal to zero and returns a boolean value.
    * @returns A boolean value indicating whether the size of the object is 0 or not.
    */
@@ -115,6 +121,9 @@ export class HashMap<K = any, V = any, R = [K, V]> extends IterableEntryBase<K,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The clear() function resets the state of an object by clearing its internal store, object map, and
    * size.
    */
@@ -125,6 +134,9 @@ export class HashMap<K = any, V = any, R = [K, V]> extends IterableEntryBase<K,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The `set` function adds a key-value pair to a map-like data structure, incrementing the size if
    * the key is not already present.
    * @param {K} key - The key parameter is the key used to identify the value in the data structure. It
@@ -150,6 +162,9 @@ export class HashMap<K = any, V = any, R = [K, V]> extends IterableEntryBase<K,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(k)
+   * Space Complexity: O(k)
+   *
    * The function `setMany` takes an iterable collection of objects, maps each object to a key-value
    * pair using a mapping function, and sets each key-value pair in the current object.
    * @param entryOrRawElements - The `entryOrRawElements` parameter is an iterable collection of elements of a type
@@ -175,6 +190,9 @@ export class HashMap<K = any, V = any, R = [K, V]> extends IterableEntryBase<K,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The `get` function retrieves a value from a map based on a given key, either from an object map or
    * a string map.
    * @param {K} key - The `key` parameter is the key used to retrieve a value from the map. It can be
@@ -192,6 +210,9 @@ export class HashMap<K = any, V = any, R = [K, V]> extends IterableEntryBase<K,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The `has` function checks if a given key exists in the `_objMap` or `_store` based on whether it
    * is an object key or not.
    * @param {K} key - The parameter "key" is of type K, which means it can be any type.
@@ -207,6 +228,9 @@ export class HashMap<K = any, V = any, R = [K, V]> extends IterableEntryBase<K,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The `delete` function removes an element from a map-like data structure based on the provided key.
    * @param {K} key - The `key` parameter is the key of the element that you want to delete from the
    * data structure.
@@ -579,6 +603,9 @@ export class LinkedHashMap<K = any, V = any, R = [K, V]> extends IterableEntryBa
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(k)
+   * Space Complexity: O(k)
+   *
    * The function `setMany` takes an iterable collection, converts each element into a key-value pair
    * using a provided function, and sets each key-value pair in the current object, returning an array
    * of booleans indicating the success of each set operation.
@@ -605,6 +632,9 @@ export class LinkedHashMap<K = any, V = any, R = [K, V]> extends IterableEntryBa
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The function checks if a given key exists in a map, using different logic depending on whether the
    * key is a weak key or not.
    * @param {K} key - The `key` parameter is the key that is being checked for existence in the map.

src/data-structures/heap/heap.ts

@@ -207,12 +207,7 @@ export class Heap<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Heap<E, R>
       if (comparator) this._comparator = comparator;
     }
 
-    if (elements) {
-      for (const el of elements) {
-        if (this.toElementFn) this.add(this.toElementFn(el as R));
-        else this.add(el as E);
-      }
-    }
+    this.addMany(elements);
   }
 
   protected _elements: E[] = [];
@@ -254,14 +249,42 @@ export class Heap<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Heap<E, R>
    * Time Complexity: O(log n)
    * Space Complexity: O(1)
    *
-   * Insert an element into the heap and maintain the heap properties.
-   * @param element - The element to be inserted.
+   * The add function pushes an element into an array and then triggers a bubble-up operation.
+   * @param {E} element - The `element` parameter represents the element that you want to add to the
+   * data structure.
+   * @returns The `add` method is returning a boolean value, which is the result of calling the
+   * `_bubbleUp` method with the index `this.elements.length - 1` as an argument.
    */
   add(element: E): boolean {
-    this._elements.push(element);
+    this._elements.push(element as E);
     return this._bubbleUp(this.elements.length - 1);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(k log n)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
+   * The `addMany` function iterates over elements and adds them to a collection, returning an array of
+   * boolean values indicating success or failure.
+   * @param {Iterable<E> | Iterable<R>} elements - The `elements` parameter in the `addMany` method is
+   * an iterable containing elements of type `E` or `R`. The method iterates over each element in the
+   * iterable and adds them to the data structure. If a transformation function `_toElementFn` is
+   * provided, it transforms the element
+   * @returns The `addMany` method returns an array of boolean values indicating whether each element
+   * in the input iterable was successfully added to the data structure.
+   */
+  addMany(elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R>): boolean[] {
+    const ans: boolean[] = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this._toElementFn) {
+        ans.push(this.add(this._toElementFn(el as R)));
+        continue;
+      }
+      ans.push(this.add(el as E));
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Time Complexity: O(log n)
    * Space Complexity: O(1)
@@ -473,7 +496,7 @@ export class Heap<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Heap<E, R>
   }
 
   /**
-   * Time Complexity: O(n log n)
+   * Time Complexity: O(n)
    * Space Complexity: O(n)
    *
    * The `map` function creates a new heap by applying a callback function to each element of the

src/data-structures/linked-list/doubly-linked-list.ts

@@ -524,18 +524,15 @@ export class DoublyLinkedList<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R
    * `DoublyLinkedListOptions<E, R>`. It is an optional parameter that allows you to pass additional
    * configuration options to customize the behavior of the DoublyLinkedList.
    */
-  constructor(elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> = [], options?: DoublyLinkedListOptions<E, R>) {
+  constructor(
+    elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> | Iterable<DoublyLinkedListNode<E>> = [],
+    options?: DoublyLinkedListOptions<E, R>
+  ) {
     super(options);
     this._head = undefined;
     this._tail = undefined;
     this._size = 0;
-    if (elements) {
-      for (const el of elements) {
-        if (this.toElementFn) {
-          this.push(this.toElementFn(el as R));
-        } else this.push(el as E);
-      }
-    }
+    this.pushMany(elements);
   }
 
   protected _head: DoublyLinkedListNode<E> | undefined;
@@ -700,6 +697,57 @@ export class DoublyLinkedList<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R
     return true;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(k)
+   * Space Complexity: O(k)
+   *
+   * The function `pushMany` iterates over elements and pushes them into a data structure, applying a
+   * transformation function if provided.
+   * @param {Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> | Iterable<DoublyLinkedListNode<E>>} elements - The `elements`
+   * parameter in the `pushMany` function can accept an iterable containing elements of type `E`, `R`,
+   * or `DoublyLinkedListNode<E>`. The function iterates over each element in the iterable and pushes
+   * it onto the linked list. If a transformation function `to
+   * @returns The `pushMany` function is returning an array of boolean values (`ans`) which indicate
+   * the success or failure of pushing each element into the data structure.
+   */
+  pushMany(elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> | Iterable<DoublyLinkedListNode<E>>) {
+    const ans: boolean[] = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) {
+        ans.push(this.push(this.toElementFn(el as R)));
+        continue;
+      }
+      ans.push(this.push(el as E | DoublyLinkedListNode<E>));
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(k)
+   * Space Complexity: O(k)
+   *
+   * The function `unshiftMany` iterates through a collection of elements and adds them to the
+   * beginning of a Doubly Linked List, returning an array of boolean values indicating the success of
+   * each insertion.
+   * @param {Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> | Iterable<DoublyLinkedListNode<E>>} elements - The `elements`
+   * parameter in the `unshiftMany` function can accept an iterable containing elements of type `E`,
+   * `R`, or `DoublyLinkedListNode<E>`. The function iterates over each element in the iterable and
+   * performs an `unshift` operation on the doubly linked list
+   * @returns The `unshiftMany` function returns an array of boolean values indicating the success of
+   * each unshift operation performed on the elements passed as input.
+   */
+  unshiftMany(elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> | Iterable<DoublyLinkedListNode<E>>) {
+    const ans: boolean[] = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) {
+        ans.push(this.unshift(this.toElementFn(el as R)));
+        continue;
+      }
+      ans.push(this.unshift(el as E | DoublyLinkedListNode<E>));
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Time Complexity: O(n)
    * Space Complexity: O(1)
@@ -1182,6 +1230,12 @@ export class DoublyLinkedList<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R
    * Time Complexity: O(n)
    * Space Complexity: O(1)
    *
+   * The function `countOccurrences` iterates through a doubly linked list and counts the occurrences
+   * of a specified element or nodes that satisfy a given predicate.
+   * @param {E | DoublyLinkedListNode<E> | ((node: DoublyLinkedListNode<E>) => boolean)} elementOrNode
+   * - The `elementOrNode` parameter in the `countOccurrences` method can accept three types of values:
+   * @returns The `countOccurrences` method returns the number of occurrences of the specified element,
+   * node, or predicate function in the doubly linked list.
    */
   countOccurrences(elementOrNode: E | DoublyLinkedListNode<E> | ((node: DoublyLinkedListNode<E>) => boolean)): number {
     const predicate = this._ensurePredicate(elementOrNode);

src/data-structures/linked-list/singly-linked-list.ts

@@ -60,17 +60,12 @@ export class SinglyLinkedListNode<E = any> {
 }
 
 export class SinglyLinkedList<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, SinglyLinkedList<E, R>> {
-  constructor(elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> = [], options?: SinglyLinkedListOptions<E, R>) {
+  constructor(
+    elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> | Iterable<SinglyLinkedListNode<E>> = [],
+    options?: SinglyLinkedListOptions<E, R>
+  ) {
     super(options);
-    if (elements) {
-      for (const el of elements) {
-        if (this.toElementFn) {
-          this.push(this.toElementFn(el as R));
-        } else {
-          this.push(el as E);
-        }
-      }
-    }
+    this.pushMany(elements);
   }
 
   protected _head: SinglyLinkedListNode<E> | undefined;
@@ -211,6 +206,55 @@ export class SinglyLinkedList<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R
     return true;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(k)
+   * Space Complexity: O(k)
+   *
+   * The function `pushMany` iterates over elements and pushes them into a data structure, applying a
+   * transformation function if provided.
+   * @param {Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> | Iterable<SinglyLinkedListNode<E>>} elements - The `elements`
+   * parameter in the `pushMany` function can accept an iterable containing elements of type `E`, `R`,
+   * or `SinglyLinkedListNode<E>`.
+   * @returns The `pushMany` function returns an array of boolean values indicating whether each
+   * element was successfully pushed into the data structure.
+   */
+  pushMany(elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> | Iterable<SinglyLinkedListNode<E>>) {
+    const ans: boolean[] = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) {
+        ans.push(this.push(this.toElementFn(el as R)));
+        continue;
+      }
+      ans.push(this.push(el as E | SinglyLinkedListNode<E>));
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(k)
+   * Space Complexity: O(k)
+   *
+   * The function `unshiftMany` iterates over elements and adds them to a data structure, optionally
+   * converting them using a provided function.
+   * @param {Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> | Iterable<SinglyLinkedListNode<E>>} elements - The `elements`
+   * parameter in the `unshiftMany` function can accept an iterable containing elements of type `E`,
+   * `R`, or `SinglyLinkedListNode<E>`. The function iterates over each element in the iterable and
+   * performs an `unshift` operation on the linked list for each
+   * @returns The `unshiftMany` function is returning an array of boolean values, where each value
+   * represents the result of calling the `unshift` method on the current instance of the class.
+   */
+  unshiftMany(elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> | Iterable<SinglyLinkedListNode<E>>) {
+    const ans: boolean[] = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) {
+        ans.push(this.unshift(this.toElementFn(el as R)));
+        continue;
+      }
+      ans.push(this.unshift(el as E | SinglyLinkedListNode<E>));
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Time Complexity: O(n)
    * Space Complexity: O(1)
@@ -399,6 +443,9 @@ export class SinglyLinkedList<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The function checks if the length of a data structure is equal to zero and returns a boolean value indicating
    * whether it is empty or not.
    * @returns A boolean value indicating whether the length of the object is equal to 0.
@@ -408,6 +455,9 @@ export class SinglyLinkedList<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The `clear` function resets the linked list by setting the head, tail, and length to undefined and 0 respectively.
    */
   clear(): void {

src/data-structures/queue/deque.ts

@@ -53,14 +53,7 @@ export class Deque<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Deque<E,
     const needBucketNum = calcMinUnitsRequired(_size, this._bucketSize);
     this._bucketFirst = this._bucketLast = (this._bucketCount >> 1) - (needBucketNum >> 1);
     this._firstInBucket = this._lastInBucket = (this._bucketSize - (_size % this._bucketSize)) >> 1;
-
-    for (const el of elements) {
-      if (this.toElementFn) {
-        this.push(this.toElementFn(el as R));
-      } else {
-        this.push(el as E);
-      }
-    }
+    this.pushMany(elements);
   }
 
   protected _bucketSize: number = 1 << 12;
@@ -230,6 +223,33 @@ export class Deque<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Deque<E,
     return element;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
+   * The `shift()` function removes and returns the first element from a data structure, updating the
+   * internal state variables accordingly.
+   * @returns The element that is being removed from the beginning of the data structure is being
+   * returned.
+   */
+  shift(): E | undefined {
+    if (this._size === 0) return;
+    const element = this._buckets[this._bucketFirst][this._firstInBucket];
+    if (this._size !== 1) {
+      if (this._firstInBucket < this._bucketSize - 1) {
+        this._firstInBucket += 1;
+      } else if (this._bucketFirst < this._bucketCount - 1) {
+        this._bucketFirst += 1;
+        this._firstInBucket = 0;
+      } else {
+        this._bucketFirst = 0;
+        this._firstInBucket = 0;
+      }
+    }
+    this._size -= 1;
+    return element;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Time Complexity: Amortized O(1)
    * Space Complexity: O(n)
@@ -260,30 +280,54 @@ export class Deque<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Deque<E,
   }
 
   /**
-   * Time Complexity: O(1)
-   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   * Time Complexity: O(k)
+   * Space Complexity: O(k)
    *
-   * The `shift()` function removes and returns the first element from a data structure, updating the
-   * internal state variables accordingly.
-   * @returns The element that is being removed from the beginning of the data structure is being
-   * returned.
+   * The function `pushMany` iterates over elements and pushes them into an array after applying a
+   * transformation function if provided.
+   * @param {IterableWithSizeOrLength<E> | IterableWithSizeOrLength<R>} elements - The `elements`
+   * parameter in the `pushMany` function is expected to be an iterable containing elements of type `E`
+   * or `R`. It can be either an `IterableWithSizeOrLength<E>` or an `IterableWithSizeOrLength<R>`. The
+   * function iterates over each element
+   * @returns The `pushMany` function is returning an array of boolean values, where each value
+   * represents the result of calling the `push` method on the current object instance with the
+   * corresponding element from the input `elements` iterable.
    */
-  shift(): E | undefined {
-    if (this._size === 0) return;
-    const element = this._buckets[this._bucketFirst][this._firstInBucket];
-    if (this._size !== 1) {
-      if (this._firstInBucket < this._bucketSize - 1) {
-        this._firstInBucket += 1;
-      } else if (this._bucketFirst < this._bucketCount - 1) {
-        this._bucketFirst += 1;
-        this._firstInBucket = 0;
+  pushMany(elements: IterableWithSizeOrLength<E> | IterableWithSizeOrLength<R>) {
+    const ans: boolean[] = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) {
+        ans.push(this.push(this.toElementFn(el as R)));
       } else {
-        this._bucketFirst = 0;
-        this._firstInBucket = 0;
+        ans.push(this.push(el as E));
       }
     }
-    this._size -= 1;
-    return element;
+    return ans;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(k)
+   * Space Complexity: O(k)
+   *
+   * The `unshiftMany` function in TypeScript iterates over elements and adds them to the beginning of
+   * an array, optionally converting them using a provided function.
+   * @param {IterableWithSizeOrLength<E> | IterableWithSizeOrLength<R>} elements - The `elements`
+   * parameter in the `unshiftMany` function is an iterable containing elements of type `E` or `R`. It
+   * can be an array or any other iterable data structure that has a known size or length. The function
+   * iterates over each element in the `elements` iterable and
+   * @returns The `unshiftMany` function returns an array of boolean values indicating whether each
+   * element was successfully added to the beginning of the array.
+   */
+  unshiftMany(elements: IterableWithSizeOrLength<E> | IterableWithSizeOrLength<R> = []) {
+    const ans: boolean[] = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) {
+        ans.push(this.unshift(this.toElementFn(el as R)));
+      } else {
+        ans.push(this.unshift(el as E));
+      }
+    }
+    return ans;
   }
 
   /**

src/data-structures/queue/queue.ts

@@ -25,12 +25,7 @@ export class Queue<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Queue<E,
       this._autoCompactRatio = autoCompactRatio;
     }
 
-    if (elements) {
-      for (const el of elements) {
-        if (this.toElementFn) this.push(this.toElementFn(el as R));
-        else this.push(el as E);
-      }
-    }
+    this.pushMany(elements);
   }
 
   protected _elements: E[] = [];
@@ -131,6 +126,26 @@ export class Queue<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Queue<E,
     return true;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(k)
+   * Space Complexity: O(k)
+   *
+   * The `pushMany` function iterates over elements and pushes them into an array after applying a
+   * transformation function if provided.
+   * @param {Iterable<E> | Iterable<R>} elements - The `elements` parameter in the `pushMany` function
+   * is an iterable containing elements of type `E` or `R`.
+   * @returns The `pushMany` function is returning an array of boolean values indicating whether each
+   * element was successfully pushed into the data structure.
+   */
+  pushMany(elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R>) {
+    const ans: boolean[] = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) ans.push(this.push(this.toElementFn(el as R)));
+      else ans.push(this.push(el as E));
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+
   /**
    * Time Complexity: O(1)
    * Space Complexity: O(1)
@@ -150,6 +165,9 @@ export class Queue<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Queue<E,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(n)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The delete function removes an element from the list.
    * @param {E} element - Specify the element to be deleted
    * @return A boolean value indicating whether the element was successfully deleted or not
@@ -160,6 +178,9 @@ export class Queue<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Queue<E,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(n)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The deleteAt function deletes the element at a given index.
    * @param {number} index - Determine the index of the element to be deleted
    * @return A boolean value
@@ -173,7 +194,12 @@ export class Queue<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Queue<E,
    * Time Complexity: O(1)
    * Space Complexity: O(1)
    *
-   * @param index
+   * The `at` function returns the element at a specified index adjusted by an offset, or `undefined`
+   * if the index is out of bounds.
+   * @param {number} index - The `index` parameter represents the position of the element you want to
+   * retrieve from the data structure.
+   * @returns The `at` method is returning the element at the specified index adjusted by the offset
+   * `_offset`.
    */
   at(index: number): E | undefined {
     return this.elements[index + this._offset];
@@ -213,6 +239,9 @@ export class Queue<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Queue<E,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(n)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The `compact` function in TypeScript slices the elements array based on the offset and resets the
    * offset to zero.
    * @returns The `compact()` method is returning a boolean value of `true`.
@@ -265,6 +294,20 @@ export class Queue<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Queue<E,
   /**
    * Time Complexity: O(n)
    * Space Complexity: O(n)
+   *
+   * The `map` function in TypeScript creates a new Queue by applying a callback function to each
+   * element in the original Queue.
+   * @param callback - The `callback` parameter is a function that will be applied to each element in
+   * the queue. It takes the current element, its index, and the queue itself as arguments, and returns
+   * a new element.
+   * @param [toElementFn] - The `toElementFn` parameter is an optional function that can be provided to
+   * convert a raw element of type `RM` to a new element of type `EM`. This function is used within the
+   * `map` method to transform each raw element before passing it to the `callback` function. If
+   * @param {any} [thisArg] - The `thisArg` parameter in the `map` function is used to specify the
+   * value of `this` when executing the `callback` function. It allows you to set the context (the
+   * value of `this`) within the callback function. If `thisArg` is provided, it will be
+   * @returns A new Queue object containing elements of type EM, which are the result of applying the
+   * callback function to each element in the original Queue object.
    */
   map<EM, RM>(
     callback: ElementCallback<E, R, EM, Queue<E, R>>,

src/data-structures/stack/stack.ts

@@ -19,15 +19,7 @@ import { IterableElementBase } from '../base';
 export class Stack<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Stack<E, R>> {
   constructor(elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R> = [], options?: StackOptions<E, R>) {
     super(options);
-    if (elements) {
-      for (const el of elements) {
-        if (this.toElementFn) {
-          this.push(this.toElementFn(el as R));
-        } else {
-          this.push(el as E);
-        }
-      }
-    }
+    this.pushMany(elements);
   }
 
   protected _elements: E[] = [];
@@ -48,11 +40,6 @@ export class Stack<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Stack<E,
     return this.elements.length;
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Time Complexity: O(n)
-   * Space Complexity: O(n)
-   */
-
   /**
    * Time Complexity: O(n)
    * Space Complexity: O(n)
@@ -67,6 +54,9 @@ export class Stack<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Stack<E,
   }
 
   /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(1)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
    * The function checks if an array is empty and returns a boolean value.
    * @returns A boolean value indicating whether the `_elements` array is empty or not.
    */
@@ -115,9 +105,36 @@ export class Stack<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Stack<E,
   }
 
   /**
-   * The delete function removes an element from the stack.
-   * @param element: E Specify the element to be deleted
-   * @return A boolean value indicating whether the element was successfully deleted or not
+   * Time Complexity: O(k)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
+   * The function `pushMany` iterates over elements and pushes them into an array after applying a
+   * transformation function if provided.
+   * @param {Iterable<E> | Iterable<R>} elements - The `elements` parameter in the `pushMany` function
+   * is an iterable containing elements of type `E` or `R`. The function iterates over each element in
+   * the iterable and pushes it into the data structure. If a transformation function `toElementFn` is
+   * provided, it is used to
+   * @returns The `pushMany` function is returning an array of boolean values indicating whether each
+   * element was successfully pushed into the data structure.
+   */
+  pushMany(elements: Iterable<E> | Iterable<R>) {
+    const ans: boolean[] = [];
+    for (const el of elements) {
+      if (this.toElementFn) {
+        ans.push(this.push(this.toElementFn(el as R)));
+      } else {
+        ans.push(this.push(el as E));
+      }
+    }
+    return ans;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Time Complexity: O(n)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
+   * The toArray function returns a copy of the elements in an array.
+   * @returns An array of type E.
    */
   delete(element: E): boolean {
     const index = this.elements.indexOf(element);
@@ -125,9 +142,11 @@ export class Stack<E = any, R = any> extends IterableElementBase<E, R, Stack<E,
   }
 
   /**
-   * The deleteAt function deletes the element at a given index.
-   * @param index: number Determine the index of the element to be deleted
-   * @return A boolean value
+   * Time Complexity: O(n)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
+   *
+   * The toArray function returns a copy of the elements in an array.
+   * @returns An array of type E.
    */
   deleteAt(index: number): boolean {
     const spliced = this.elements.splice(index, 1);

src/data-structures/trie/trie.ts

@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ export class Trie<R = any> extends IterableElementBase<string, R, Trie<R>> {
    * @returns The `addMany` method returns an array of boolean values indicating whether each word in
    * the input iterable was successfully added to the data structure.
    */
-  addMany(words: Iterable<string> | Iterable<R> = []): boolean[] {
+  addMany(words: Iterable<string> | Iterable<R>): boolean[] {
     const ans: boolean[] = [];
     for (const word of words) {
       if (this.toElementFn) {
@@ -366,9 +366,14 @@ export class Trie<R = any> extends IterableElementBase<string, R, Trie<R>> {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Time Complexity: O(n), where n is the total number of nodes in the trie.
-   * Space Complexity: O(1) - Constant space.
+   * Time Complexity: O(n)
+   * Space Complexity: O(1)
    *
+   * The function `getHeight` calculates the height of a trie data structure starting from the root
+   * node.
+   * @returns The `getHeight` method returns the maximum depth or height of the trie tree starting from
+   * the root node. It calculates the depth using a breadth-first search (BFS) traversal of the trie
+   * tree and returns the maximum depth found.
    */
   getHeight(): number {
     const startNode = this.root;

test/unit/data-structures/binary-tree/bst.test.ts

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ describe('BST operations test', () => {
       [10, 10],
       [5, 5]
     ];
-    bst.addMany(idsAndValues, undefined, false);
+    bst.addMany(idsAndValues, [], false);
     expect(bst.root).toBeInstanceOf(BSTNode);
 
     if (bst.root) expect(bst.root.key).toBe(11);
@@ -489,6 +489,13 @@ describe('BST operations test', () => {
     expect(treeMap.getNode(1)?.value).toBe(undefined);
     expect(treeMap.get(1)).toBe('b');
   });
+
+  it('should search in range', () => {
+    const bst = new BST<number>([10, 5, 15, 3, 7, 12, 18]);
+    expect(bst.rangeSearch([4, 12])).toEqual([10, 12, 5, 7]);
+    expect(() => bst.rangeSearch([12, 4])).toThrow('low must be less than or equal to high');
+    expect(bst.rangeSearch([12, 12])).toEqual([12]);
+  });
 });
 
 describe('BST operations test recursively', () => {
@@ -1531,57 +1538,52 @@ describe('BST iterative methods not map mode test', () => {
 });
 
 describe('classic use', () => {
-  // Test case for finding the kth smallest element
-  it('@example Find kth smallest element', () => {
-    // Create a BST with some elements
-    const bst = new BST<number>([5, 3, 7, 1, 4, 6, 8]);
-    const sortedKeys = bst.dfs(node => node.key, 'IN');
+  it('@example Merge 3 sorted datasets', () => {
+    const dataset1 = new BST<number, string>([
+      [1, 'A'],
+      [7, 'G']
+    ]);
+    const dataset2 = [
+      [2, 'B'],
+      [6, 'F']
+    ];
+    const dataset3 = new BST<number, string>([
+      [3, 'C'],
+      [5, 'E'],
+      [4, 'D']
+    ]);
 
-    // Helper function to find kth smallest
-    const findKthSmallest = (k: number): number | undefined => {
-      return sortedKeys[k - 1];
-    };
+    // Merge datasets into a single BinarySearchTree
+    const merged = new BST<number, string>(dataset1);
+    merged.addMany(dataset2);
+    merged.merge(dataset3);
 
-    // Assertions
-    expect(findKthSmallest(1)).toBe(1);
-    expect(findKthSmallest(3)).toBe(4);
-    expect(findKthSmallest(7)).toBe(8);
+    // Verify merged dataset is in sorted order
+    expect([...merged.values()]).toEqual(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G']);
   });
 
   // Test case for finding elements in a given range
   it('@example Find elements in a range', () => {
     const bst = new BST<number>([10, 5, 15, 3, 7, 12, 18]);
     expect(bst.search(new Range(5, 10))).toEqual([10, 5, 7]);
-    expect(bst.search(new Range(4, 12))).toEqual([10, 12, 5, 7]);
+    expect(bst.rangeSearch([4, 12], node => node.key.toString())).toEqual(['10', '12', '5', '7']);
     expect(bst.search(new Range(4, 12, true, false))).toEqual([10, 5, 7]);
-    expect(bst.search(new Range(15, 20))).toEqual([15, 18]);
+    expect(bst.rangeSearch([15, 20])).toEqual([15, 18]);
     expect(bst.search(new Range(15, 20, false))).toEqual([18]);
   });
 
-  // Test case for Huffman coding simulation
-  it('Huffman coding frequency simulation', () => {
-    // Create a BST to simulate Huffman tree
-    const frequencyBST = new BST<string, number>([
-      ['a', 5],
-      ['b', 9],
-      ['c', 12],
-      ['d', 13],
-      ['e', 16],
-      ['f', 45]
-    ]);
-
-    // Sort nodes by frequency
-    const sortedFrequencies = frequencyBST.dfs(node => ({ char: node.key, freq: node.value }), 'IN');
-
-    // Build Huffman tree simulation
-    expect(sortedFrequencies[0].char).toBe('a');
-    expect(sortedFrequencies[5].char).toBe('f');
-  });
-
   // Test case for Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA)
   it('@example Find lowest common ancestor', () => {
     const bst = new BST<number>([20, 10, 30, 5, 15, 25, 35, 3, 7, 12, 18]);
 
+    // LCA helper function
+    const findLCA = (num1: number, num2: number): number | undefined => {
+      const path1 = bst.getPathToRoot(num1);
+      const path2 = bst.getPathToRoot(num2);
+      // Find the first common ancestor
+      return findFirstCommon(path1, path2);
+    };
+
     function findFirstCommon(arr1: number[], arr2: number[]): number | undefined {
       for (const num of arr1) {
         if (arr2.indexOf(num) !== -1) {
@@ -1591,14 +1593,6 @@ describe('classic use', () => {
       return undefined;
     }
 
-    // LCA helper function
-    const findLCA = (num1: number, num2: number): number | undefined => {
-      const path1 = bst.getPathToRoot(num1);
-      const path2 = bst.getPathToRoot(num2);
-      // Find the first common ancestor
-      return findFirstCommon(path1, path2);
-    };
-
     // Assertions
     expect(findLCA(3, 10)).toBe(7);
     expect(findLCA(5, 35)).toBe(15);

test/unit/data-structures/binary-tree/red-black-tree.test.ts

@@ -821,100 +821,55 @@ describe('RedBlackTree - _deleteFixup', () => {
 });
 
 describe('classic use', () => {
-  it('Database Index: Add, Search, and Delete Records', () => {
-    const dbIndex = new RedBlackTree<number, string>();
-
-    // Insert records
-    dbIndex.add(1, 'Alice');
-    dbIndex.add(2, 'Bob');
-    dbIndex.add(3, 'Charlie');
-
-    // Search for records
-    expect(dbIndex.get(1)).toBe('Alice');
-    expect(dbIndex.get(2)).toBe('Bob');
-    expect(dbIndex.get(3)).toBe('Charlie');
-
-    // Delete a record
-    dbIndex.delete(2);
-    expect(dbIndex.get(2)).toBeUndefined();
-  });
-
-  it('@example Merge 3 sorted datasets', () => {
-    const dataset1 = new RedBlackTree<number, string>([
-      [1, 'A'],
-      [7, 'G']
-    ]);
-    const dataset2 = [
-      [2, 'B'],
-      [6, 'F']
-    ];
-    const dataset3 = new RedBlackTree<number, string>([
-      [3, 'C'],
-      [5, 'E'],
-      [4, 'D']
-    ]);
-
-    // Merge datasets into a single Red-Black Tree
-    const merged = new RedBlackTree<number, string>(dataset1);
-    merged.addMany(dataset2);
-    merged.merge(dataset3);
-
-    // Verify merged dataset is in sorted order
-    expect([...merged.values()]).toEqual(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G']);
-  });
-
   // Test case for finding elements in a given range
-  it('Find elements in a range', () => {
+  it('@example Find elements in a range', () => {
     const bst = new RedBlackTree<number>([10, 5, 15, 3, 7, 12, 18]);
     expect(bst.search(new Range(5, 10))).toEqual([5, 10, 7]);
     expect(bst.search(new Range(4, 12))).toEqual([5, 10, 12, 7]);
     expect(bst.search(new Range(15, 20))).toEqual([15, 18]);
   });
 
-  it('Timer List: Manage Timed Tasks', () => {
-    const timerList = new RedBlackTree<number, string>(); // Key: Time in ms, Value: Task Name
+  it('@example using Red-Black Tree as a price-based index for stock data', () => {
+    // Define the structure of individual stock records
+    interface StockRecord {
+      price: number; // Stock price (key for indexing)
+      symbol: string; // Stock ticker symbol
+      volume: number; // Trade volume
+    }
 
-    // Schedule tasks
-    timerList.add(100, 'Task A');
-    timerList.add(200, 'Task B');
-    timerList.add(50, 'Task C');
+    // Simulate stock market data as it might come from an external feed
+    const marketStockData: StockRecord[] = [
+      { price: 142.5, symbol: 'AAPL', volume: 1000000 },
+      { price: 335.2, symbol: 'MSFT', volume: 800000 },
+      { price: 3285.04, symbol: 'AMZN', volume: 500000 },
+      { price: 267.98, symbol: 'META', volume: 750000 },
+      { price: 234.57, symbol: 'GOOGL', volume: 900000 }
+    ];
 
-    // Verify the order of tasks by retrieval
-    expect([...timerList.values()]).toEqual(['Task C', 'Task A', 'Task B']); // Sorted by key (time)
+    // Extend the stock record type to include metadata for database usage
+    type StockTableRecord = StockRecord & { lastUpdated: Date };
 
-    // Remove the earliest task
-    timerList.delete(50);
-    expect([...timerList.values()]).toEqual(['Task A', 'Task B']);
-  });
+    // Create a Red-Black Tree to index stock records by price
+    // Simulates a database index with stock price as the key for quick lookups
+    const priceIndex = new RedBlackTree<number, StockTableRecord, StockRecord>(marketStockData, {
+      toEntryFn: stockRecord => [
+        stockRecord.price, // Use stock price as the key
+        {
+          ...stockRecord,
+          lastUpdated: new Date() // Add a timestamp for when the record was indexed
+        }
+      ]
+    });
 
-  it('Scheduler: Manage Tasks by Priority', () => {
-    const scheduler = new RedBlackTree<number, string>(); // Key: Priority, Value: Task Name
+    // Query the stock with the highest price
+    const highestPricedStock = priceIndex.getRightMost();
+    expect(priceIndex.get(highestPricedStock)?.symbol).toBe('AMZN'); // Amazon has the highest price
 
-    // Add tasks with different priorities
-    scheduler.add(3, 'Low Priority Task');
-    scheduler.add(1, 'High Priority Task');
-    scheduler.add(2, 'Medium Priority Task');
-
-    // Verify the order of tasks by retrieval
-    expect([...scheduler.values()]).toEqual(['High Priority Task', 'Medium Priority Task', 'Low Priority Task']);
-
-    // Remove the highest priority task
-    scheduler.delete(1);
-    expect([...scheduler.values()]).toEqual(['Medium Priority Task', 'Low Priority Task']);
-  });
-
-  it('Routing Table: Manage IP Routes', () => {
-    const routingTable = new RedBlackTree<number, string>(); // Key: IP Address, Value: Route
-
-    // Add routes
-    routingTable.add(1921680101, 'Route A');
-    routingTable.add(1921680102, 'Route B');
-    routingTable.add(1921680100, 'Route C');
-
-    // Search for a specific route
-    expect(routingTable.get(1921680101)).toBe('Route A');
-
-    // Verify all routes in sorted order
-    expect([...routingTable.values()]).toEqual(['Route C', 'Route A', 'Route B']);
+    // Query stocks within a specific price range (200 to 400)
+    const stocksInRange = priceIndex.rangeSearch(
+      [200, 400], // Price range
+      node => priceIndex.get(node)?.symbol // Extract stock symbols for the result
+    );
+    expect(stocksInRange).toEqual(['GOOGL', 'MSFT', 'META']); // Verify stocks in the range
   });
 });